Chit Fund

A Chit fund is a kind of savings scheme practiced in India.
A Chit fund company means a company managing, conducting or supervising, as foremen, agent or in any other capacity.Chit fund is a traditional financial scheme carried out based on trust between operators and members, which prevailed even before formal banking began. Unregistered chit funds, whose chit value exceeds Rs. 100, are illegal in India.


 According to Section 2(b) of the Chit Fund Act, 1982 :
 "Chit means a transaction whether called chit, chit fund, chitty, kuri or by any other name by or under which a person enters into an agreement with a specified of persons that every one of them shall subscribe a certain sum of money (or a certain quantity of grain instead) by way of periodical installments over a definite period and that each such subscriber shall, in his turn, as determined by lot or by auction or by tender or in such other manner as may be specified in the chit agreement, be entitled to the prize amount".

How it works:
Different chit funds operate in different ways; and there are also many fraudulent tactics practiced by many private firms. The basic necessity of conducting a 'Chitty' is a group of needy people called subscribers. The foreman - the company or person conducting the chitty - brings these people together and conducts the chitty. The foreman is also the person responsible for collecting the money from subscribers, presiding over the auctions and keeping records of subscribers. He is compensated a fixed amount (generally 5% of gross chitty amount) monthly for his efforts; other than that the foreman does not have any specific privileges, he is just a subscriber of the chitty.




http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/bangalore/chit-funds-or-cheat-funds/article4733764.ece

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5t5t0TzKWfU&feature=share

National Disaster Management Act 2005

NDMA
===============
***On 23 December 2005, the Government of India enacted the Disaster Management Act, which envisaged the creation of the National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA),

*** headed by the Prime Minister, and
State Disaster Management Authorities (SDMAs) headed by respective Chief Ministers,

**to spearhead and implement a holistic and integrated approach to Disaster Management in India.

NDMA as the apex body is mandated to lay down the policies, plans and guidelines for Disaster Management to ensure timely and effective response to disasters. Towards this, it has the following responsibilities:-

Lay down policies on disaster management ;

Approve the National Plan;

Approve plans prepared by the Ministries or Departments of the Government of India in accordance with the National Plan;

Lay down guidelines to be followed by the State Authorities in drawing up the State Plan;

Lay down guidelines to be followed by the different Ministries or Departments of the Government of India for the Purpose of integrating the measures for prevention of disaster or the mitigation of its effects in their development plans and projects;

Coordinate the enforcement and implementation of the policy and plan for disaster management;

Recommend provision of funds for the purpose of mitigation;

Provide such support to other countries affected by major disasters as may be determined by the Central Government;

Take such other measures for the prevention of disaster, or the mitigation, or preparedness and capacity building for dealing with the threatening disaster situation or disaster as it may consider necessary;

Lay down broad policies and guidelines for the functioning of the National Institute of Disaster Management.

National Investigation Agency

About NIA:

Over the past several years, India has been the victim of large scale terrorism sponsored from across the borders. There have been innumerable incidents of terrorist attacks, not only in the militancy and insurgency affected areas and areas affected by Left Wing Extremism, but also in the form of terrorist attacks and bomb blasts, etc., in various parts of the hinterland and major cities, etc. A large number of such incidents are found to have complex inter-State and international linkages, and possible connection with other activities like the smuggling of arms and drugs, pushing in and circulation of fake Indian currency, infiltration from across the borders, etc. keeping all these in view, it was felt that there was a need for setting up of an Agency at the Central level for investigation of offences related to terrorism and certain other Acts, which have national ramifications. Several experts and Committees, including the Administrative Reforms commission in its Report, had made recommendations for establishing such an Agency.

The Government after due consideration and examination of the issues involved, proposed to enact a legislation to make provisions for establishment of a National Investigation Agency in a concurrent jurisdiction framework, with provisions for taking up specific cases under specific Acts for investigation.

Accordingly the NIA Act was enacted on 31-12-08 and the National Investigation Agency (NIA) was born. At present NIA is functioning as the Central Counter Terrorism Law Enforcement Agency in India.

Vision:

The National Investigation Agency aims to be a thoroughly professional investigative agency matching the best international standards. The NIA aims to set the standards of excellence in counter terrorism and other national security related investigations at the national level by developing into a highly trained, partnership oriented workforce. NIA aims at creating deterrence for existing and potential terrorist groups/individuals. It aims to develop as a storehouse of all terrorist related information.

Mission:

• In-depth professional investigation of scheduled offences using the latest scientific methods of investigation and setting up such standards as to ensure that all cases entrusted to the NIA are detected.

• Ensuring effective and speedy trial.

• Developing into a thoroughly professional, result oriented organization, upholding the constitution of India and Laws of the Land giving prime importance to the protection of Human Rights and dignity of the individual.

• Developing a professional work force through regular training and exposure to the best practices and procedures.

• Displaying scientific temper and progressive spirit while discharging the duties assigned.

• Inducting modern methods and latest technology in every sphere of activities of the agency.

• Maintaining professional and cordial relations with the governments of States and Union Territories and other law enforcement agencies in compliance of the legal provisions of the NIA Act.

• Assist all States and other investigating agencies in investigation of terrorist cases.

• Build a data base on all terrorist related information and share the data base available with the States and other agencies.

• Study and analyse laws relating to terrorism in other countries and regularly evaluate the adequacy of existing laws in India and propose changes as and when necessary.

• To win the confidence of the citizens of India through selfless and fearless endeavors.

NATIONAL INVESTIGATION AGENCY ACT, 2008:

An Act to constitute an investigation agency at the national level to investigate and prosecute offences

affecting the sovereignty, security and integrity of India, security of State, friendly relations with foreign

States and offences under Acts enacted to implement international treaties, agreements, conventions and

resolutions of the United Nations, its agencies and other international organisations and for matters

connected therewith or incidental thereto.

Short title, extent and application.

1. (1) This Act may be called the National Investigation Agency Act, 2008.

(2) It extends to the whole of India and it applies also—

(a) to citizens of India outside India;

(b) to persons in the service of the Government wherever they may be; and

(c) to persons on ships and aircrafts registered in India wherever they may be.

Integrated Child Development Services (ICDS) Scheme

Launched on 2^nd October 1975, today, ICDS Scheme represents one of the world’s largest and most unique programmes for early childhood development. ICDS is the foremost symbol of India’s commitment to her children – India’s response to the challenge of providing pre-school education on one hand and breaking the vicious cycle of malnutrition, morbidity, reduced learning capacity and mortality, on the other.




Objectives:

1. to improve the nutritional and health status of children in the age-group 0-6 years;
2. to lay the foundation for proper psychological, physical and social development of the child;
3. to reduce the incidence of mortality, morbidity, malnutrition and school dropout;
4. to achieve effective co-ordination of policy and implementation amongst the various departments to promote child development; and
5. to enhance the capability of the mother to look after the normal health and nutritional needs of the child through proper nutrition and health education.

Services:

1. supplementary nutrition,
2. immunization,
3. health check-up,
4. referral services,
5. pre-school non-formal education and
6. nutrition & health education.

CITIZEN CHARTER

Main Objective

To improve the quality of public services. This is done by letting people know the mandate of the concerned Ministry/ Department/ Organisation, how one can get in touch with its officials, what to expect by way of services and how to seek a remedy if something goes wrong. The Citizen's Charter does not by itself create new legal rights, but it surely helps in enforcing existing rights.

Geometry

Geometry in English derives from Greek word :                             
Geo- earth and metron- measurement

According to historians, the geometrical ideas shaped up                        
in ancient times, probably due to the need in art, architecture and measurement. These include occasions when the boundaries of cultivated lands had to be marked without giving room for complaints. Construction of magnificent palaces, temples, lakes, dams and cities, art and architecture propped up these ideas.

  
For competitive exams we can divide the geometry sections into the following chapters:
1.  Lines and Angles.
2. Triangles
3. Polygons
4. Quadrilaterals
5. Mensuration
6. Co-ordinate Geometry
7. Trigonometry

For basic concepts and theories refer only NCERT Class 6-10 mathematics, rest you need to practice. More you practice more you remember. Always get your basics clear otherwise practice doesn't matter.
Books you can refer to for practicing:
best book is

 1.Quantum CAT by Sarvesh K Verma (Arihant Publication).

Table of Contents
XAT Solved Paper 2012
IIFT Solved Paper 2011
SNAP Solved Paper 2011
1. Fundamentals
2. Averages
3. Alligations
4. Ratio, Proportion & Variation
5. Percentages
6. Profit, Loss and Discount
7. Cl/SI/Installments
8. Time and work
9. Time, Speed and Distance
10. Mensuration
11. Trigonometry
12. Geometry
13. Elements of Algebra
14. Theory of Equations
15. Set Theory
16. Logarithm
17. Functions and Graph
18. Sequence, series and Progressions
19. Permutations & Combinations
20. Probability
21. Co-ordinate Geometry
CAT Solved Papers (2003-2008)

2. Manhattan GMAT Guide Geometry

Table of Contents

PART 1 General:

1.Polygons

2.Triangles & diagonals

3.Circles and cylinders

4.Lines and angles

5.Co-ordinate Plane

6. Strategy for Data Sufficiency

7. Official Guide Problems part 1 

PART 2 Advanced:

1. Advanced Geometry

2. Official Guide Problems part 2

3. Quantitative Aptitude for the CAT by Arun Sharma TMH Publication

Table of Contents

BLOCK -- I

1. NUMBER SYSTEMS

2. PROGRESSIONS

BLOCK -- II

3. AVERAGES

4. ALLIGATIONS

BLOCK -- III

5. PERCENTAGES

6. PROFIT AND LOSS

7. INTEREST

8. RATIO, PROPORTION AND VARIATION

9. TIME AND WORK

10. TIME, SPEED AND DISTANCE

BLOCK -- IV

11. GEOMETRY AND MENSURATION

PART I: GEOMETERY

PART II: MENSURATION

12. COORDINATE GEOMETRY

BLOCK -- V

13. FUNCTIONS

14. INEQUALITIES

15. QUADRATIC EQUATIONS

16. LOGARITHMS

BLOCK -- VI

17. PERMUTATIONS AND COMBINATIONS

18. PROBABILITY

19. SET THEORY

MOCK TEST PAPERS

QA shortcuts

Simple Maths shortcuts, which only takes practice. You can invent your own method too. Just practice...

1. 11 multiplication

We all know the trick when multiplying by ten – add 0 to the end of the number, but did you know there is an equally easy trick for multiplying a two digit number by 11? This is it:

Take the original number and imagine a space between the two digits (in this example we will use 52:

5_2

Now add the two numbers together and put them in the middle:

5_(5+2)_2

That is it – you have the answer: 572.

If the numbers in the middle add up to a 2 digit number, just insert the second number and add 1 to the first:

9_(9+9)_9

(9+1)_8_9

10_8_9

1089 – It works every time.

2. Quick Square

If you need to square a 2 digit number ending in 5, you can do so very easily with this trick. Mulitply the first digit by itself + 1, and put 25 on the end. That is all!

252 = (2x(2+1)) & 25

2 x 3 = 6

625

3. Multiply by 5

Most people memorize the 5 times tables very easily, but when you get in to larger numbers it gets more complex – or does it? This trick is super easy.

Take any number, then divide it by 2 (in other words, halve the number). If the result is whole, add a 0 at the end. If it is not, ignore the remainder and add a 5 at the end. It works everytime:

2682 x 5 = (2682 / 2) & 5 or 0

2682 / 2 = 1341 (whole number so add 0)

13410

Let’s try another:

5887 x 5

2943.5 (fractional number (ignore remainder, add 5)

29435



4. Multiply by 9

This one is simple – to multiple any number between 1 and 9 by 9 hold both hands in front of your face – drop the finger that corresponds to the number you are multiplying (for example 9×3 – drop your third finger) – count the fingers before the dropped finger (in the case of 9×3 it is 2) then count the numbers after (in this case 7) – the answer is 27.

5. Multiply by 4

This is a very simple trick which may appear obvious to some, but to others it is not. The trick is to simply multiply by two, then multiply by two again:

58 x 4 = (58 x 2) + (58 x 2) = (116) + (116) = 232

6. Percentage

here is the easy way to do it. Work out 10% (divide the number by 10) – then add that number to half its value and you have your answer:

15% of $25 = (10% of 25) + ((10% of 25) / 2)

$2.50 + $1.25 = $3.75

7. Tough Multiplication

If you have a large number to multiply and one of the numbers is even, you can easily subdivide to get to the answer:

32 x 125, is the same as:
16 x 250 is the same as:
8 x 500 is the same as:
4 x 1000 = 4,000



8. Dividing by 5

Dividing a large number by five is actually very simple. All you do is multiply by 2 and move the decimal point:

195 / 5

Step1: 195 * 2 = 390
Step2: Move the decimal: 39.0 or just 39

2978 / 5

step 1: 2978 * 2 = 5956
Step2: 595.6

9. Subtracting from 1,000

To subtract a large number from 1,000 you can use this basic rule: subtract all but the last number from 9, then subtract the last number from 10:

1000
-648

step1: subtract 6 from 9 = 3
step2: subtract 4 from 9 = 5
step3: subtract 8 from 10 = 2

answer: 352

10. Assorted Multiplication Rules

Multiply by 5: Multiply by 10 and divide by 2.
Multiply by 6: Sometimes multiplying by 3 and then 2 is easy.
Multiply by 9: Multiply by 10 and subtract the original number.
Multiply by 12: Multiply by 10 and add twice the original number.
Multiply by 13: Multiply by 3 and add 10 times original number.
Multiply by 14: Multiply by 7 and then multiply by 2
Multiply by 15: Multiply by 10 and add 5 times the original number, as above.
Multiply by 16: You can double four times, if you want to. Or you can multiply by 8 and then by 2.
Multiply by 17: Multiply by 7 and add 10 times original number.
Multiply by 18: Multiply by 20 and subtract twice the original number (which is obvious from the first step).
Multiply by 19: Multiply by 20 and subtract the original number.
Multiply by 24: Multiply by 8 and then multiply by 3.
Multiply by 27: Multiply by 30 and subtract 3 times the original number (which is obvious from the first step).
Multiply by 45: Multiply by 50 and subtract 5 times the original number (which is obvious from the first step).
Multiply by 90: Multiply by 9 (as above) and put a zero on the right.
Multiply by 98: Multiply by 100 and subtract twice the original number.
Multiply by 99: Multiply by 100 and subtract the original number.


Percentage:
Find 7 % of 300. Sounds Difficult?

Percents: First of all you need to understand the word “Percent.” The first part is PER , as in 10 tricks per list-verse page. PER = FOR EACH. The second part of the word is CENT, as in 100. Like Century = 100 years. 100 CENTS in 1 dollar… etc. Ok… so PERCENT = For Each 100.

So, it follows that 7 PERCENT of 100, is 7. (7 for each hundred, of only 1 hundred).
8 % of 100 = 8. 35.73% of 100 = 35.73
But how is that useful??

Back to the 7% of 300 question. 7% of the first hundred is 7. 7% of 2nd hundred is also 7, and yep, 7% of the 3rd hundred is also 7. So 7+7+7 = 21.

If 8 % of 100 is 8, it follows that 8% of 50 is half of 8 , or 4.

Break down every number that's asked into questions of 100, if the number is less then 100, then move the decimal point accordingly.

EXAMPLES:
8%200 = ? 8 + 8 = 16.
8%250 = ? 8 + 8 + 4 = 20.
8%25 = 2.0 (Moving the decimal back).
15%300 = 15+15+15 =45.
15%350 = 15+15+15+7.5 = 52.5

Also it's useful to know that you can always flip percents, like 3% of 100 is the same as 100% of 3.

35% of 8 is the same as 8% of 35.

1. " Percent " implies " for every hundred".
2.The base used for the sake of percentage change calculations is always the original quantity unless otherwise stated.
3. In general, if the percentage increase is p%, then the new value is [(p/100) +1]
4. If the new value is k times the old value, then the percentage increase is (k-1) x 100
Eg1: If the percentage increase is 300%, the new value is 4 times the old value.
If the new value is 4 times the old value, the percentage increase is 300%.
5. If there are successive increases of p%, q% and r% in three stages, the effective percentage increase is
= {[(100+p) /100] [(100+q)/100] [ (100+r)/100] -1} x 100
Eg2: The percentage increase in the value of exports of apples of a country is as follows:
2001- 2002 => 25 %; 2002-2003 => 20 %; 2003-2004 => 10%
What is the percentage increase in the value of exports of apples of the country from 2001 to 2004?
Ans : Let the value of exports in 2001 be 100 units.
Then total percentage increase is:
= {[(100+25)/100] [ (100+ 20)/ 100] [ (100+10)/100] - 1} x 100
= {(1.25) (1.20) (1.10) -1} x 100
= [1.65-1.00] x 100
= [0.65] x 100
= 65
________________________________________
6. If the price of an item goes up by x %, the percentage reduction required to bring it down to the original price is:
= {100x / (100+x)} %
Eg3: If the price of an item goes up by 10%, by what percentage should the new price be reduced to bring it down to the original price?
Ans: Percentage reduction = {100 x 10/ (100 + 10)} %
= (1000/110) %
= 9.09 %
________________________________________
7. If the price of an item goes down by x %, the percentage increase required to bring it back to the original price = {(100 x 10) / (100 - x)} %.
8. If A is x % more/ less than B, then B is {(100 x 10) / (100 - x)} % less/ more than A.
9. If the price of an item goes up by x %, then the quantity consumed should be reduced by {100x /(100 +x)} % so that the total expenditure remains the same.
10. If the price of an item goes downs by x %, then the quantity consumed should be increased by {100x /(100 -x)} % so that the total expenditure remains the same.
Eg4: If the price of tea goes up by 10%, then what should be the percentage decrease in the quantity consumed so that the total expenditure on tea remains the same?
Ans: Required Percentage decrease = { (10 x 100) / (100+10) }%
= (1000/110) %
= 9.09%

11. If A's income is x% more than that of B, then B's income is less than that of A by [(100r)/(100+r).
12. If B's income is x% less than that of A, then A's income is more that of B by [(100x)/(100-x)]


Wait for some more useful tricks on Maths and VA....